In vitro is the Latin term for “in glass,” meaning that the testing is performed in a container that is outside of a living organism. This testing uses cell-based biological models instead of animals or humans. In vitro efforts help fulfil the FDA’s “3Rs approach” to replace, reduce, and/or refine animal testing.
Replace
Reduce
Refine
In Vitro model systems can be specified to the test sample’s intended use. 2D cell cultures are grown rapidly for high-throughput or multi-sample analysis with minimized variation between treatments. Cell cultures can also be made into 3D tissue models. These models contain differentiated cell layers to physiologically represent complex tissues and evaluate specific endpoints. Using specific geometries, in vitro cell culture models can be used to evaluate simple and complex biological responses.
To assess different biological endpoints, various forms of analytical methods may be implemented. Measurable responses of the in vitro models include cell death, growth inhibition, genetic alterations, changes in surface marker expression and altered metabolism.
EAG provides essential services for common devices and platforms that are instrumental to the electronics industry. These include artificial intelligence, ASICs, PCB Assembly, and Discretes.
Different types of SIMS analyses exist. The two main types include Dynamic SIMS (high current) and static-SIMS (low current).
Surface chemistry affects multiple properties including adhesion, wettability, appearance and cleanliness. Auger, TOF-SIMS and XPS are often used to understand chemistry in the top few nanometers of a sample surface.
PCOR-SIMS was originally developed to analyze Silicon Germanium (SiGe) devices for the communications industry.